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| Last Online:09 May, 2025 |
Introduction
Formaldehyde, chemical formula or HCHO or CH2O, formula 30.03, also known as ant aldehyde, explosion limit: 7.0-73%. It has a strong reducing effect and is used as raw material of pesticide and disinfectant, synthetic resin, vinylon, urotropine, jilisuteol and dye, etc.
| Product Name | Aldehyde Content% | Appearance | Features | Application | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formaldehyde | 37 | colorless transparent liquid type formaldehyde | commonly known as formalin | is widely used in chemical industry, textile, wood processing, etc | |
| Paraformaldehyde | 98 | white crystalline powder | high solid content | , herbicides, synthetic resin, coatings, adhesives and other industries | |
| High concentration formaldehyde | 52 | colorless transparent liquid | higher reactivity for MDI | polyethylene tetrahydrofuran, pom, such as chemical and pharmaceutical industries |
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | HCHO; simplest aldehyde, polymerizes into paraformaldehyde |
| Key Applications | – Wood Adhesives: Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins
– Plastics: Phenolic resins, molding compounds – Textiles: Finishing agent for wrinkle-resistance – Disinfectants: Medical/industrial sterilization |
| Industrial Grades | – 37% Solution: Common aqueous solution
– 50% Solution: High-concentration blends – Gas Form: Polymerization processes |
| Safety Risks | – Acute Exposure: Respiratory irritation, skin sensitization
– Carcinogenicity: IARC Group 1 (nasal cancers) – Flash Point: 64°C (closed cup) |
| Regulatory Compliance | – OSHA PEL: 0.75ppm (TWA)
– REACH: Authorized under strict controls – EPA: Emission limits for composite wood products |
| Environmental Impact | – VOC Emissions: Contributes to ground-level ozone
– Wastewater Treatment: Biodegradation challenges – Carbon Footprint: Energy-intensive production |
| Sustainability Trends | – Green Alternatives: Bio-based adhesives (e.g., soy-based)
– Process Innovations: Closed-loop systems for capture/reuse – Catalyst Development: Reducing energy consumption |
| Market Dynamics | – Global Demand: ~5.5M tons/year (2025)
– Growth Drivers: Emerging economies, construction sector – Price Drivers: Methanol feedstock costs, energy prices |
Note: Critical industrial chemical requiring rigorous safety protocols. Industry focus on reducing environmental footprint through technological advancements.
Key Characteristics
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Specification |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | CH₂O |
| Boiling Point | -19°C (gas) / 37% in water |
| Density | 1.09 g/cm³ (37% solution) |
| Flash Point | 85°C (37% solution) |
| Solubility | Completely miscible in water |
Commercial Forms
| Form | Concentration | Primary Use |
|---|---|---|
| Aqueous Solution | 37-50% | Most common industrial form |
| Paraformaldehyde | 91-99% | Solid, slow-release form |
| Gas | 100% | Direct chemical synthesis |
Industrial Applications
Major Uses
| Industry | Application | Key Products |
|---|---|---|
| Resin Production | Adhesives & binders | Urea-formaldehyde resins |
| Construction | Composite wood products | Particleboard, MDF |
| Automotive | Molded components | Phenolic resins |
| Healthcare | Disinfection | Sterilizing solutions |
| Textiles | Fabric treatment | Wrinkle-resistant finishes |
Safety & Handling
Health Hazards: Carcinogenic (Group 1 IARC), skin/eye irritant
Exposure Limits: 0.75 ppm (8-hr TWA), 2 ppm (STEL)
Storage: 21-25°C in corrosion-resistant containers
Stabilization: Typically contains 10-12% methanol
Production Methods
Methanol Oxidation (90% of global production)
Natural Gas Direct Conversion
Biomass Pyrolysis (emerging technology)
Conclusion
Industrial formaldehyde remains indispensable despite its toxicity concerns, with annual production exceeding 50 million tons. Future developments focus on safer handling technologies and bio-based production methods to maintain its critical role in manufacturing.
