Clad or Lined Steel Linepipe

Sec.7
D 100   General

Sec.7 D
101   The requirements below are applicable to linepipe consisting of a C-Mn steel backing material with a thinner internal CRA layer.

Sec.7 D
102   Linepipe is denoted 'clad' if the bond between the backing material and internal CRA layer is metallurgical, and 'lined' if the bond is mechanical.

Sec.7 D
103   The backing steel of lined pipe shall fulfil the requirements in Subsection B.

Sec.7 D
104   The manufacturing process for clad or lined linepipe shall be according to A303 to A305.

Sec.7 D
105   Cladding and liner materials shall be specified according to recognised standards. If a recognised standard is not available, a specification shall be prepared that defines chemical composition. If agreed corrosion testing and acceptance criteria shall be specified.

Sec.7 D
106   The cladding/liner material thickness shall not be less than 2.5 mm, unless otherwise agreed.

Sec.7
D 200   Pipe designation

Sec.7 D
201   In addition to the designation of the backing material (see A303 to A305) clad/lined pipes shall be designated with:

—	C, for clad pipe, or
—	L, for lined pipe
—	UNS number for the cladding material or liner pipe.

Guidance note:
e.g. "DNV SAWL 415 D C - UNS XXXXX" designates a longitudinal submerged arc welded pipe, with SMYS 415 MPa, meeting the supplementary requirements for dimensions, clad with a UNS designated material.

Sec.7
D 300   Manufacturing Procedure Specification

MPS for clad linepipe

Sec.7 D
301   In addition to the applicable information given in A600, the MPS for clad linepipe shall as a minimum contain the following information (as applicable):

—	slab reheating temperature and initial rolling practice of cladding alloy and backing material prior to sandwich assembly
—	method used to assemble the sandwich or one-sided-open package, as applicable, prior to reheating and rolling
—	package (sandwich or one-side-open) reheating temperature, start and stop rolling temperatures, means of temperature and thickness control, start and stop temperatures for accelerated cooling (if applicable) and inspection
—	final plate heat treatment, e.g. quench and tempering (if applicable)
—	method used to cut and separate the metallurgically roll bonded plates after rolling (separation of the sandwich between the CRA layers
—	details regarding any CRA clad welding to pipe ends.

MPS for lined linepipe

Sec.7 D
302   In addition to the applicable information given in A600, the MPS for lined linepipe shall as a minimum contain the following information (as applicable):

—	details for fabrication of backing pipe and liner
—	quality control checks for the lining process
—	details of data to be recorded (e.g. expansion pressure/force, strain, deformation)
—	procedure for cut back prior to seal welding or cladding to attach liner to carrier pipe
—	seal welding procedures
—	details regarding any CRA clad welding to pipe ends.

Sec.7 D
303   The following additional essential variable applies to the qualification of the MPS for clad linepipe (see A609):

—	sequence of welding.

Sec.7
D 400   Manufacture

Sec.7 D
401   During all stages of manufacturing, contamination of CRA with carbon steel shall be avoided. Direct contact of the CRA layer with carbon steel handling equipment (e.g. hooks, belts, rolls, etc.) is prohibited. Direct contact may be allowed providing subsequent pickling is performed.

Sec.7 D
402   All work shall be undertaken in clean areas and controlled environment to avoid contamination and condensation.

Sec.7 D
403   In addition to the requirements stated in B300 and C300 (as applicable), the following shall apply:

Welding consumables

Sec.7 D
404   The welding consumables for seam welds and liner seal welds shall be selected taking into consideration the reduction of alloying elements by dilution of iron from the base material. The corrosion properties of the weld consumable shall be equal to or superior to the clad or liner material.

General requirements to manufacture of clad linepipe

Sec.7 D
405   The cladding alloy shall be produced from plate, and shall be supplied in a solution or soft annealed condition, as applicable.

Sec.7 D
406   The steel backing material and the cladding alloy shall be cleaned, dried and inspected to ensure that the level of humidity and particles between the respective plates are equal to or less than for the MPQT plates.

Sec.7 D
407   Unless otherwise agreed, the mating plate surfaces shall as a minimum be blast cleaned to a surface cleanliness of ISO 8501 Sa2.

Sec.7 D
408   A pre-clad rolling assembly procedure shall be part of the MPS. This procedure shall include details of all surface preparation to be performed just prior to the sandwich assembly (if applicable).

Sec.7 D
409   The sandwich or one-side-open packages, as applicable, shall be hot rolled in order to ensure metallurgical bonding between the base and the cladding material.

Sec.7 D
410   The package consisting of sandwich or one-side-open, shall be manufactured through a TMCP route, or receive a final heat treatment (e.g. quench and tempering).

Welding of clad linepipe

Sec.7 D
411   In addition to the applicable requirements given in B307 to B331, the following requirements shall apply for welding of clad linepipe:

—	the corrosion properties of the CRA weld consumable (e.g. root and hot pass) shall be equal or superior to the clad material
—	the longitudinal weld shall be back purged with welding grade inert gas and be free from high temperature oxides
—	tack welds shall be made using GTAW, GMAW, G-FCAW or SMAW using low hydrogen electrodes
—	weld seam tracking of continuous welding shall be automatically controlled.

General requirements to manufacture of lined linepipe

Sec.7 D
412   The liner pipe shall be manufactured according to API 5LC.

Sec.7 D
413   The internal surface of the C-Mn steel backing pipe shall be blast cleaned to a surface cleanliness of ISO 8501 Sa2 along the complete length of the pipe prior to fabrication of lined pipe. The external surface of the liner pipe shall be blast cleaned as specified above or pickled.

Sec.7 D
414   The liner pipe shall be inserted into the backing C-Mn steel pipe after both pipes have been carefully cleaned, dried and inspected to ensure that the level of humidity and particles in the annular space between these two pipes are equal to or less than for the MPQT pipes.

Sec.7 D
415   The humidity during assembly shall be less than 80%, and the carbon steel and CRA surfaces shall be maintained at least 5°C above the dewpoint temperature. Temperature and humidity shall continuously be measured and recorded.

Sec.7 D
416   After having lined up the two pipes, the liner shall be expanded by a suitable method to ensure adequate gripping. The carbon steel pipe shall not under any circumstances receive a sizing ratio, s_{r ,} exceeding 0.015 during the expansion process (See B332).

Welding of lined linepipe

Sec.7 D
417   The liner pipe shall be welded according to API 5LC.

Sec.7 D
418   Subsequent to expansion, the liner or backing pipe shall be machined at each end and further fixed to the backing pipe by a seal weld (clad or fillet weld, respectively) to ensure that no humidity can enter the annulus during storage, transportation and preparation for installation.

Sec.7 D
419   In addition to the applicable requirements given in B307 to B331, the following requirements shall apply for welding of lined linepipe:

—	the corrosion properties of the CRA weld consumable (e.g. fillet or clad weld) shall be equal or superior to the liner material
—	the weld shall be purged with welding grade inert gas and be free from high temperature oxides.

Sec.7
D 500   Acceptance criteria

Properties of the backing material

Sec.7 D
501   The backing material of the manufactured clad or lined linepipe shall comply with the requirements for C-Mn steel given in Subsection B. Sour service requirements according to I100 shall not apply to the backing material unless required according to I115.

Sec.7 D
502   The cladding/liner material shall be removed from the test pieces prior to mechanical testing of the backing material.

Hardness

Sec.7 D
503   The hardness of the base material, cladding material, HAZ, weld metal and the metallurgical bonded area shall meet the relevant requirements of this standard.

Bonding strength of clad linepipe

Sec.7 D
504   After bend testing in accordance with Appendix B A906 (see Table 7-14), there shall be no sign of cracking or separation on the edges of the specimens.

Sec.7 D
505   After longitudinal weld root bend testing in accordance with Appendix B A607 (see Table 7-15), the bend test specimen shall not show any open defects in any direction exceeding 3 mm. Minor ductile tears less than 6 mm, originating at the specimen edge may be disregarded if not associated with obvious defects.

Sec.7 D
506   The minimum shear strength shall be 140 MPa.

Properties of the CRA of clad and lined linepipe

Sec.7 D
507   The CRA material shall meet the requirements of the relevant reference standard, e.g. API 5LD.

Chemical composition of welds

Sec.7 D
508   The chemical composition of the longitudinal seam weld of clad pipes, pipe end clad welds, and the liner seal welds (if exposed to the pipe fluid), shall be analysed during MPQT. Unless otherwise agreed the composition of the deposited weld metal as analysed on the exposed surface shall meet the requirements of the base material specification.

Unless otherwise agreed the calculated PRE (see Table 7-10, note no. 2) for alloy 625 weld metal shall not be less than for the clad pipe base material or liner material.

Microstructure

Sec.7 D
509   The weld metal and the HAZ in the root area of the clad pipe seam welds, any pipe end clad welds and the seal welds of lined pipe shall be essentially free from grain boundary carbides, nitrides and intermetallic phases.

Gripping force of lined linepipe

Sec.7 D
510   Acceptance criteria for gripping force production testing shall be agreed based on project specific requirements (see Sec.6 B400) and/or test results obtained during MPQT.

Liner collapse

Sec.7 D
511   After the test for presence of moisture in the annulus between the liner and the backing material, the pipe shall be inspected and no ripples or buckles in the liner or carbon steel pipe shall be in evidence when viewed with the naked eye.

Sec.7
D 600   Inspection

Sec.7 D
601   Compliance with the requirements of the purchase order shall be checked by specific inspection in accordance with EN 10204. Records from the qualification of the MPS and other documentation shall be in accordance with the requirements in Sec.12.

Inspection frequency

Sec.7 D
602   The inspection frequency during production and MPQT shall be as given in Table 7-14 and Table 7-15, respectively.

Sec.7 D
603   For clad pipe, the number and orientation of the samples shall be as for SAWL pipe in Table 7-9

Sec.7 D
604   For lined pipe, the number and orientation of the samples for the backing steel shall be according to Table 7-9. Testing of the liner pipe shall be according to API 5LC.

Retesting

Sec.7 D
605   Requirements for retesting shall be according to B508 to B512.

Heat and product analysis

Sec.7 D
606   Heat and product analysis shall be performed in accordance with B500 and C500 for the backing steel and the CRA liner or cladding, respectively.

Mechanical testing

Sec.7 D
607   All mechanical testing of clad pipe and the backing steel of lined pipe shall be performed according to Appendix B. Mechanical testing of the liner pipe shall be according to API 5LC.

Sec.7 D
608   Hardness testing of welded linepipe shall be performed on a test piece comprising the full cross section of the weld. Indentations shall be made in the base material, cladding material and the metallurgical bonded area as detailed in Appendix B.

Corrosion testing

Sec.7 D
609   Unless otherwise agreed, corrosion testing of roll bonded clad pipes or any longitudinal weld seams is not required.

Metallurgical testing

Sec.7 D
610   Macro examination and metallographic examination shall be performed in accordance with Appendix B.

Liner collapse test

Sec.7 D
611   To check for the presence of moisture in the annulus between the liner and the backing material, one finished pipe or a section thereof (minimum length of 6 m) shall be heated to 200°C for 15 minutes and air cooled. This pipe shall be within the first 10 pipes produced.

Gripping force test

Sec.7 D
612   Gripping force of lined pipe shall be measured in accordance with API 5LD. Equivalent tests may be applied subject to agreement. Inspection frequency for production testing shall be agreed based on test results obtained during the MPQT (see D300).

Hydrostatic test (mill pressure test)

Sec.7 D
613   Hydrostatic testing shall be performed in accordance with Subsection E.

Non-destructive testing

Sec.7 D
614   NDT, including visual inspection, shall be in accordance with Subsection F.

Dimensional testing

Sec.7 D
615   Dimensional testing shall be performed according to Subsection G.

Treatment of surface imperfections and defects

Sec.7 D
616   Surface imperfections and defects shall be treated according to Appendix D, H300.

Sec.7 D

Table 7-14 Additional production testing for clad or lined steel linepipe
Applicable to	Type of test	Extent of testing	Acceptance criteria
All pipe	All tests in Table 7-7 applicable to "All pipe"	See Table 7-7 and D600	D501
Clad pipe	All tests in Table 7-7 applicable to "SAWL"
	Bend tests (2 specimens)	Once per test unit of not more than 50 pipes	D505
	Shear strength		D507
CRA material of clad pipe	According to reference standard (see D508
Liner pipe	According to API 5LC (see D508)
Lined pipe	Macrographic examination of seal weld	Once per test unit of not more than 50 pipes	Appendix C, F405
	Gripping force test	To be agreed, see D612	D511

 

Sec.7 D

Table 7-15 Additional testing for Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Test of clad or lined steel linepipe 1)
Applicable to	Type of test	Extent of testing	Acceptance criteria
All pipe	All production tests in Table 7-14	One test for each pipe provided for manufacturing procedure qualification	See Table 7-14
	Corrosion testing of welds, if agreed, see D609		To be agreed
Clad pipe	Chemical composition of seam weld and clad weld 2)		D508
	Metallographic examination of the seam weld and clad weld 2)		D509
	Longitudinal weld root bend test		D505
Lined pipe	Chemical composition of seal or clad welds 2)		D508
	Metallographic examination of seal welds		D509
	Liner collapse test		D511
Notes Sampling of specimens and test execution shall be performed in accordance with Appendix B. The number, orientation and location of test pieces per sample for mechanical tests shall be according to D603-604. As applicable, according to D508 and D509.

  

Material Combinations

A large number of material combinations are possible for the composite Overlay/Clad materials, as listed below, produced either by weld overlay or from clad plates.

Base Material   Cladding Alloys Overlay Alloys Carbon Steel Hi Yield Grades Low Alloy Steels Chrome Moly Steels SS410 SS304L SS316L, 317L SS321, 347 S31803/2205(22% Cr Duplex) Alloy 825 Alloy 200 Alloy 400 Alloy 625 Alloy C276, C22, 59 ER410S, 430 ER308L, 309L ER309LMo, 316L, 317L ER309LCb, 347 ER904L Alloy 825 Alloy 200 Alloy 400 Alloy 625 Alloy C276, C22, 59, 686 Alloy 2000, B3, Ultimet Stellite, Ultimate, CrC

Pipes, Fittings, Flanges, Nozzles, Pressure Vessels, Heat Exchanger components are produced following the requirements of ASME/ ANSI/ ASTM/ API/ NACE and other specifications using established procedures for manufacture, with fabrication into pipe spools or pressure vessels performed per ASME/ANSI Code B31.1 and B31.3, ASME Section VIII, Division 1, customer drawings and specifications to provide a turnkey supply.

API 5L D Specification for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe
API RP 15CLT Recommended Practice for Composite Lined Steel Tubular Goods
DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems 101  Section 7.D. Clad or Lined Steel Linepipe
DEP 31.40.20.32-Gen CRA clad or lined steel pipe (amendments/supplements to API Spec 5LD)
Field welding of duplex and super duplex stainless steel pipelines (amendments/supplements to API 1104)        DEP 61.40.20.31-Gen
DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen GRP pipelines and piping systems (amendments/supplements to ISO 14692)       
 DEP 31.40.30.34-Gen  Thermoplastic lined pipelines   
NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156-2 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Materials for Use in H2S Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production. Part 2. Cracking resistant Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, and the Use of Cast Irons.
NACE TM 0177 Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Environments
NACE TM 0284 Standard Test Method - Evaluation of Pipeline and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking

The clad pipe includes an external layer and a coating layer made of Ni base anticorrosion alloy. Both end portion areas of the coating layer are formed by a build-up welded layer (Ni base alloy of composition 1) on the inner surface of the external layer. Other areas are formed by a Ni base alloy layer (Ni base alloy of composition 2) fusion-bonded to the build-up welded layers and the inner surface of the pipe, a solidus-curve temperature of the Ni base alloy layer being 1300° C. or below and lower than a solidus-curve temperature of the Ni base alloy formed by build-up welding by 150° C. or more. Composition 1 and composition 2 are adjusted so that, in the same environment, corrosion resistance of the Ni base alloy of composition 1 is equivalent to or superior to that of the Ni base alloy of composition 2.

Nondestructive tests (NDTs) are performed in compliance with API 6A, API 5LD, and DNV OS F101 standards, or as otherwise specified by the client.

Economic Use
The Clad/Lined Pipe can be equally allocated the pressure to outer pipe and the corrosion-resisting to inner pipe. The material combinations dramatically reduce the cost of raw materials, and the average cost is just 1/6~1/3 of CRA. Furthermore, the cost effectiveness increases as the length of the pipeline increases due to reduced installation and welding expenses.

Safety
The Clad/Lined Pipe, selecting more suitable CRA material as its inner pipe based on the corrosion environment, totally owns the corrosion-resisting property of CRA. Comparing with inhibiter, this solution avoids the risk caused by the complicated management process and guarantees the operating safety.

Innovative Technology
Underwater deflagrating and cladding technology is the instant forming technique that makes the inner pipe be telescopically aligned inside the outer pipe through internal expansion of detonation wave, and it results in a tighter bond between the two pipes. This technology keeps the stability of physical and chemical properties for outer and inner pipes during the cladding process.

Corrosive Resistant Lining: Clad Pipe - Clad Tubes - Clad Lined I.D. - Clad Surface O.D.explosion bonded tubes and pipes. With Explosion Bonding technology we manufactures explosion bonded clad tubes and pipe with a true "metallurgical bond". The clad metal surface can be explosion bonded to the I.D. or O.D.  providing the most robust corrosion and erosion resistance for tubes and pipes. Explosive Bonded Clad Tubes and Explosive Bonded Clad Pipes now provide options for the design engineers focused on providing solutions for the most demanding opportunities in the chemical processing, energy / power, and petro-chemical Industries.  
 
We are capable of cladding up to 13m double-random lengths and 4” to 40” ID

Base Pipe:
CarboCarbon steel or high yield strength steels are used as outer pipes :
API 5L grades: X42(L290),X46(L320),X52(L360),X56(L390),X60(L415),X65(L450),X70(L485),
EEMUA grades: EP360,EP415,EP450,EP485
DNV grades: 360Mpa,415Mpa,450Mpa,485Mpa

Lined Pipe:
Corrosion resistance liner pipes can be, but not limited to:
Stainless steels 300 series: 304L, 316L, TP317L(UNS S31703)
Super austenitic alloys: 6Mo, 254 SMO, 904L
Super Duplex:  UNS S31803(2205), UNS S32750,UNS S32760
Nickel alloys: Hastealloy C276,Monel 400, Inconel 625 and Incoloy 825
Liner pipes wall thickness is typically in the range 1,5-3 mm (different w.t upon agreement)

Clad Bends/Elbows
We offer mandrel forged, pressed & also induction bends
Tees, reducers, hubs, caps and flanges
Hot-forged elbows, 1.5D to 3D
Induction bends, 3D to 7D
All materials as above

Clad Tube Sheet Material
Explosion Bonded - Corrosive Resistant CLAD Lining (Provides a Metallurgical Bond)

The most common application of explosively bonded (clad) metals, is as corrosive or erosive resistant linings of pressure vessels, chemical process tanks, heat exchangers, and tube sheets. Not only do valued customers benefit from the corrosive  resistance clad, but also from significant cost reduction by being afforded the opportunity to utilize structural steels to improve wall strength without having to manufacture the entire structure out of the, typically expensive, corrosive resistant materials.

Zirconium Tube Sheets- Explosion Bonded /  Titanium Tube Sheets- Explosion Bonded  / Tantalum Tube Sheets- Explosion Bonded

Nickel Tube Sheets- Explosion Bonded  / Alloy Tube Sheets- Explosion Bonded  / Explosion Bonded Clad Tube Sheets by PA & E

Another application of metallurgically bonded clad pipes made of roll-bonded clad plates are so-called catenary risers in the offshore industry. These vertical pipelines connect the subsea gas or oil field with the production facilities above sea level. Due to the high pressure of deep water installations and dynamic loads by waves and drifts as well as due to the corrosive medium inside such riser pipes must provide excellent mechanical properties as high strength combined with good toughness as well as proper corrosion protection.