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Soils vary widely in composition and structure from place to place.  Soils are formed through the weathering of rock and the breakdown of organic matter. Weathering is the action of wind, rain, ice, sunlight and biological processes on rocks, which breaks them down into small particles. The proportions of minerals and organic matter determine the structure and other characteristics of a particular soil. Soils can be divided into two general layers (strata): topsoil, the topmost layer, where most plant roots, microorganisms, and other animal life are located, and subsoil, which is deeper and often more dense and contains less organic matter. Water and air are also components of soils. Mineral and organic solids comprise about half of the soil by volume. Water occupies the spaces between soil particles and is held by surface tension on particle surfaces. Air occupies the remaining void space. Both water and air components of soils are important to plant growth and other life in the soil profile of a particular ecosystem. The rock and mineral content of soils is categorized according to particle size, from sand (coarsest), to silt and clay (finest). The ratio of these particles to a great degree determines the soil classification and characteristics.

Can test Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium in soil.

Stable: A value  0.003/3min

Repeat: A value ≤ 0.005

Precision: ≤3.0%

sensitivity: red light ≥4.5×10^-5   blue light≥3.17×10^-3

length of wave: red light620±8nm  blue light 440±8nm

shock resistance: pass

power:180-240V 50HZ